<p>The Garden Patch is a Middle Woodland archaeological site in Horseshoe Cove, near Horseshoe Beach, Florida, off County Road 351. For a major part of its occupation, the site was a ceremonial center associated with the Swift Creek and Weeden Island cultures. On April 25, 1991, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Horseshoe Cove</h2><br>
<p>Garden Patch is sixteen kilometers (ten miles) north of the mouth of the Suwannee River, and two km (1.2 mi) from the Gulf of Mexico, near the western end of Horseshoe Cove, a slight indentation in the Big Bend Coast on the Gulf Coast of Florida. The Big Bend Coast has a very shallow slope, with a thin layer of soil, primarily sand, over limestone. It consists of fresh-water swamps and ponds, salt-water marshes and ponds, tidal flats and tidal creeks. Dunes that formed on slightly raised spots in the underlying limestone during the late Pleistocene emerge as islands along the coast and support coastal hammocks inland. Sea level rise in the last few thousand years has transformed old dunes that were inland into islands.</p><br>
<p>Seventeen archaeological sites adjacent to the western half of Horseshoe Cove (some 36 km&sup2; in area) have been identified. The history of those sites appear to be related to the rise of Garden Patch as a ceremonial center. The western Horseshoe Cove is surrounded by a 6to12 km wide area in which no archaeological sites have been found.</p><br>
<p>Two islands in Horseshoe Cove, Butler Island, and Bird Island, have archaeological sites related to Garden Patch. The sites on Butler and Bird islands were originally on the mainland, but a rise in sea level cut them off from the mainland. The site on Bird Island was occupied 2480–2290 BC, 360–170 BC, and, after the site had become an island, 810–980. Butler Island was occupied 170 BC – AD 5 and, after the site had become an island, 885–1215. Garden Patch was occupied 25–120 AD and 240–980. The first occupation of the Garden Patch, 25–120 AD, is interpreted as a homestead. Starting around 240, a new occupation of the site resulted in the construction of mounds, marking Garden Patch as a ceremonial center, contemporary with the development of ceremonial centers at Crystal River and Shell Mound (near Cedar Key). The ceremonial center continued in use for about three centuries, and then was abandoned. Later, a previously unused area next to the ceremonial center was occupied for a couple of centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Clarence Bloomfield Moore investigated three mounds "near Horseshoe Point" in 1902. Wallis and McFadden identify those mounds with mounds VII, V, and VI at the Garden Patch site. Moore excavated some burials and a few artifacts from Mound V. A surface collection at the site was conducted in 1948. Test excavations of the site were conducted in the 1970s by archaeology students. Starting in 2010, the site was mapped and additional excavations conducted.</p><br>
<p>The Garden Patch site consists of six mounds, three midden areas, and a pond on an ancient dune. The mounds range from less than one meter to a little more than 2.5 meters in height. The mounds and midden areas form a "horseshoe-shaped ring" surrounding a central plaza with little or no artifacts or refuse. Such "rings" are commonly found in ceremonial centers of the Middle Woodland period in northern Florida and southern Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Mound IV was originally believed to be a human constructed mound, but investigation revealed it was natural. It was occupied for several centuries starting from early in the history of the site. Wallis and McFadden speculate that Garden Patch was chosen as a village site because of the presence of Mound IV, in association with the pond and other natural mounds that were later artificially raised with shell and/or sand deposits. Occupation of Mound IV appears to have been most extensive in the 4th century.</p><br>
<p>Mound V has received attention from archaeologists since Moore dug in it in 1902. The mound started as a low natural mound. It was used for some burials, and a structure that may have been a charnel house was placed on it. The mound was covered with a 1.5 meter thick layer of oyster shells in or around the 4th century. A sand cap was added to the mound later. Wallis and McFadden compare that sequence to the construction of Mound D at Kolomaki and of Mound C at the McKeithen site. Radiocarbon dates place the construction of Mound V contemporaneous with that of Mound D at Kolomaki and probably earlier than Mound C at McKeithen. Unlike Mound C at McKeithen, but similar to mounds at the nearby Hughes Island Mound and Palmetto Mound sites, burials and artifacts were found in the sand cap of Mound V.</p><br>
<p>Some pottery sherds found at Garden Patch reveal connections with distant sites. A type of pottery called Swift Creek Complicated Stamped were stamped with carved paddles before being fired. Sherds found at Garden Patch had been stamped with the same paddle as sherds found at Kolomaki and at the Block-Sterns site in Leon County, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The Spruce Creek Mound Complex is a prehistoric and early historic archeological site in Port Orange, Florida. The mound complex, major earthworks built out of earth and shell middens, was constructed by ancient indigenous peoples. It is located near Port Orange, on the southwest bank of Spruce Creek. On December 3, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Spruce Creek Mound, located on a bluff above the river, was still tall enough during early colonial years to be used by travelers as a point of navigation. It was used as a ceremonial center and burial mound, and was believed to have been built from 500 to 1000 AD. The mound was added to over centuries, with layers of burials built upon each other.</p><br>
<p>At the time of European encounter, the site was used by Timucuan natives. They had harvested and eaten so much local shellfish, which comprised the bulk of their diet, that they left large shell middens. The site also has historic European artifacts from the early colonial period (1550-1700 AD). This suggests it was one of the villages visited by Spanish explorers, traders and/or colonists.</p><br>
<p>The Yent Mound  is a Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture archaeological site located on Alligator Harbor west of St. Teresa, Florida. It is on the east side of County Road 370, approximately 2.5 miles from the junction of USA Route 98. On May 24, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Yent Mound was constructed by people of the Deptford culture around the beginning of the Current Era. William Sears defined the archaeological Yent complex based on artifacts found in the Yent Mound, Pierce Mound and Crystal River Mounds. The Yent complex was related to the Hopewell tradition, and some of the artifacts were trade items from the Hopewell area.</p><br>
<p>The Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site  is an archaeological site in Pensacola, Escambia County Florida. It is located north of Big Lagoon and west of Pensacola. During excavations in the 1980s carbon dating was done on burnt wood fragments associated with burials in the mound, with a determination that the site had been used c. 1450. Analysis of ceramics suggested it was a Mississippian culture site, probably from the Late Bottle Creek Phase or Early Bear Point Phases of the Pensacola culture. It was a cemetery associated with a village nearby, . On September 22, 2000, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Kimball Island Midden Archeological Site is an archaeological site near Astor, Florida. It is located approximately seven miles southeast of Astor, within Ocala National Forest. On December 11, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The archeological site is across the St. Johns River from the Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge in Volusia County.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Tampa Bay Park is a Hillsborough County park located on the Double Branch Peninsula, approximately three miles southeast of Oldsmar, which is west of Tampa. The park has been only minimally developed because the environment is so fragile and sensitive.</p><br>
<p>Within the park is the Upper Tampa Bay Archeological District, which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 1985. The area was once inhabited by Tocobaga Indians (from approximately 900 A.D. until the 1500s), and they left mounds of shellfish.</p><br>
<p>The area is inhabited by redfish, snook, dolphins, manatees, and otters, and includes the Double Branch Creek. There are observation decks, picnic shelters, a playground, a nature center, and walking trails. Canoe and kayak rentals are offered.</p><br>
<p>The Jupiter Inlet Historic and Archeological Site is an archaeological site in Jupiter, Florida. It is located off A1A in the area of DuBois Park. An ancient shell midden built by the Jaega people, it was the site of the village of Hobe , which was later conflated with Jove and inspired the name of the town of Jupiter, Florida, where it is located. On November 5, 1985, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Fisher&#39;s Station, also known as Carriage Point, was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route and the Texas Road in Indian Territory. It was located at the head of Island Bayou in what is now Bryan County, Oklahoma. Island Bayou was then the dividing line between the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations. From March 23, 1869, to February 6, 1871, the Carriage Point post office existed at the site and it is generally referred to by that name in the area. The station was run by Fisher Durant, a well known Choctaw family who founded nearby Durant.</p><br>
<p>Fisher&#39;s Station (Carriage Point) was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001058) in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Pithlachocco Canoe Site  is a historic site which is east of Gainesville, Florida. It is located on the northeast shore of Newnans Lake, off State Road 26. On March 27, 2001, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The site is within the territory of the Newnans Lake Conservation Area.</p><br>
<p>A drought in the first half of 2000 significantly lowered the water level of Newnans Lake, exposing a large number of dugout canoes and plank-built skiffs. Surveys eventually identified the remains of more than 100 dugout canoes on the exposed lake bottom. Most of the canoes were found along the northeast shore of the lake, but a few, fragmentary canoes, were identified along the southwestern shore. Additional canoes were discovered under canoes that were excavated for study. The Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research initially excavated 53 of the canoes for further study in June and July 2000. Low water in May 2001 revealed another two canoes that were added to the study. Each canoe was measured and photographed, and samples were taken to be submitted for radiocarbon dating and for identification of the species of trees from which the canoes were formed.</p><br>
<p>All of the canoes had been crafted using fire to hollow out logs. Most of the canoes dated from the Archaic period (more than 2,300 years ago). Thirteen canoes were more recent, with radiocarbon dates ranging from 500 Before Present (BP) to 1300 BP. Samples from 41 canoes yielded radiocarbon dates from 5000 to 2300 BP, corresponding to the Middle Archaic and early Late Archaic periods. Most of the Archaic period canoes were fragmentary; only five canoes were judged to be at least 75% intact, and seven were less than 50% intact. The canoe ends tended to be better preserved, which was attributed to the wood being thicker there, with more of the heartwood present. The wood in all of the canoes was badly deteriorated, and had become soft and spongy. None of the canoes were deemed suitable for removal and preservation. Wheeler et al. judged the locations of the canoes to have been random, likely caused by natural forces such as prevailing winds.</p><br>
<p>All of the canoes were made from logs hollowed by fire. Some of the canoes also showed evidence of fire being used to form the sides and ends of the canoes. While no tool marks were found on the canoes, the indigenous peoples of Florida are known at the time of first European contact to have used fire and scraping tools to shape canoes. Wheeler et al. judged most of the Archaic period canoes to be of Type 2 in the classification developed by Newsom and Purdy. Nineteen of the canoes, all dated to between 2310 BP and 4160 BP, had one or more thwarts, a ridge of wood transversing the interior. The purpose of the thwarts is unclear. All of the Archaic period canoes had been made from conifers. Most had been fashioned from yellow pines. One canoe had been made from a Bald cypress log.</p><br>
<p>The Archaic period canoes found in Newnans Lake could not be distinguished from canoes of the Post-Archaic period (after 1000 B.C.) that have been found in Florida. Similar canoes of the Archaic period have been found elsewhere in Florida, indicating that a peninsula-wide tradition of canoe manufacture had existed since 5000 BP. Archaic period canoes are rare in the eastern United States outside of Florida. Sea levels rose rapidly around 7,000 years ago, raising the water table in the Florida peninsula and creating new wetland habitats. The wide-spread use of canoes in Florida is likely related to the development of new cultures that exploited those wetlands.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Corwin House, known locally as The Witch House, is a historic house museum in Salem, Massachusetts. It was the home of Judge Jonathan Corwin  and is one of the few structures still standing in Salem with direct ties to the Salem witch trials of 1692. Corwin bought the house in 1675 when he was 35 and when the house was still unfinished, and lived there for more than 40 years; the house remained in the Corwin family until the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain Nathaniel Davenport originally owned the land where the Witch House at 310 Essex Street now resides. Corwin quickly completed the house which at the time had "steep gables a large central chimney, and a projecting two-story entry porch at the center of the facade". During the Salem witch trials of 1692, Corwin was called upon to investigate the claims of diabolical activity when a surge of witchcraft accusations arose in Salem Village (now Danvers) and neighboring communities. He took the place of Judge Nathaniel Saltonstall, who resigned after the execution of Bridget Bishop. Corwin served on the Court of Oyer and Terminer, which ultimately sent 19 people to the gallows. Those accused during this period were brought to Corwin&#39;s home for "pretrial examinations".</p><br>
<p>After the trials, the house eventually passed to Corwin&#39;s grandson George who owned it until his death in 1746. Sarah Corwin (now widowed) altered and enlarged the residence sometime between 1746 and 1747. According to architectural historian Abbott Lowell Cummings, rooms were added above the rear and lean-to, the entire facade gables were removed, and a gambrel roof was built over the entire frame. The residence fell out of the Corwin family by 1836, and was subsequently owned by a resident named Sarah Cushing until 1851. George Farrington, a pharmacist bought the house in 1856, and later built an annex towards Essex Street for his medical business. Farrington was the first resident to refer to his home as the “Witch House”, this in turn attracted tourists who heard Farrington claim that the Witch Trials had occurred in the parlor. An additional rear-ell was added to the house in 1874, and by 1897 "succeeding additions were made to the rear".</p><br>
<p>Around the turn of the twentieth century, the house was divided into apartments and businesses which included the drug store (by this time owned by Upton and Frisbee), and an antiques parlor. According to MACRIS, the reconstruction of numerous missing elements was based upon documentary research, building archaeology, and presumption. While the result was an older appearance, the house today consists of "much twentieth-century material". The residence now operates as a museum by the City of Salem and is open seasonally.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>While there are no known dendrochronology studies to confirm an exact build date, various theories have been proposed over time by historians since the 1830s. The main problem with providing a date is explaining what happened before Jonathan Corwin bought the partly completed house in 1675. The first to offer a proposed build date were Corwin’s descendants who claimed (without evidence) that the house was built in 1642. Victorian-era scholars such as William Phineas Upham argued that the house had been built even earlier. This (now unlikely) proposal suggests that the Witch House was built in the 1620s or 1630s and that Roger Williams lived in it before he founded Providence Plantations. As it&#39;s known for certain that Jonathan Corwin purchased/completed the house sometime in 1675, this particular date is now used as circa.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, the Ghost Adventures crew featured the Witch House during season 4. The Witch House also appears in the opening scenes of the movie Hocus Pocus 2, which takes place in 1653. It&#39;s unknown if historical emphasis was placed on Salem village while creating a backstory for the Sanderson sisters.</p><br>
<p>Ladew Topiary Gardens  are nonprofit gardens with topiary located in Monkton, Maryland. The gardens were established in the 1930s by socialite and huntsman Harvey S. Ladew , who in 1929 had bought a 250 acre farm to build his estate. The house and gardens are open April through October, weekdays and weekends; an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain 15 garden rooms, each devoted to a single color, plant or theme, arranged around two cross axes with vistas. The axes meet in an oval swimming pool. The garden is particularly noted for its topiary, which was strongly influenced by Ladew&#39;s extensive travel in England, where he frequently went fox hunting. Ladew designed topiaries depicting a fox hunt with horses, riders, dogs, and foxes clearing a hedge, a Chinese junk with sails, swans, and a giraffe, among others. It was proclaimed an "exquisite garden estate" by The New York Times. The Garden Club of America has described it as "the most outstanding topiary garden in America." The grounds also contain a 1.5 mi nature walk.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in stages, starting in the late 18th century, with a mid-19th century addition and other additions in the 20th century. The oval library is particularly noteworthy, and has been called "one of the 100 most beautiful rooms in America". Both the grounds and house, which contain a good collection of antique English furniture, opened to the public in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Shark River Slough Archeological District is a historic district within the Everglades National Park in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States, west of Homestead, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>In order to protect the archeological sites, the actual location (address) of the district is restricted.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places November 5, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Pineland Archeological District  is a USA historic district  located on Pine Island, near Pineland, Florida, and next to Pine Island Sound. The site was occupied by people of the Caloosahatchee culture, known as the Calusa in historic times, from 500 BCE until after 1700. The site includes shell and sand mounds and other structures and prehistoric canals and artificial lakes. It also includes structures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pineland Archeological District includes a number of mounds and other features. Close to the shore is Batteys Landing (8LL35), consisting of the Brown Mound Complex, with five mounds, to the northwest, and to the southeast, the Randell Mound Complex, with two mounds. The two complexes are separated by the western end of the Pine Island Canal (8LL34). Southeast of the Randell Mound Complex, close to the shore, is the Old Mound, or Pineland Midden (8LL37). Inland to the south of the canal are the Surf Clam Ridge, the Citrus Ridge, the Smith Mound, or Pineland Burial Mound (8LL36), and the Low Mound (8LL1612). Furthest inland, north of the canal, is Adams Mound (8LL38). The Pineland site was in use for most of the Caloosahatchee culture period, from about 50 until after 1700. The site also includes historic buildings, such as the Pineland Post Office and the Ruby Gill House.</p><br>
<p>The Pineland Site Complex is an area designated for the protection of the archaeological and natural resources of the Pineland site, managed by the University of Florida Foundation. In partnership with the Archeological Conservancy, the University of Florida Foundation, Lee County and the Calusa Land Trust, the State of Florida has designated 211 acre as an area of Critical Historical Resources. In 1996, the Randell family gave 53 acre of the site to the University of Florida, which the museum now operates as the Randell Research Center. As of 2012, 63 acre had been acquired by the state, and negotiations were underway to buy full ownership or conservation easements on several remaining parcels. The Randell Research Center is a research and educational facility at Pineland operated by the Florida Museum of Natural History.</p><br>
<h2>Battey&#39;s Landing</h2><br>
<p>The heart of the Pineland site, Batteys Landing, covered about 100 acre when visited by Frank Hamilton Cushing in 1895, but by 1989 only 20 acre remained intact, preserved by landowners Don and Pat Randell. Cushing described the site as extending about.25 mi inland and about.75 mi along the shore, with the "high-built" portions (including the courts) covering at least 75 to 80 acre. He reported five "enormous" rectangular courts, enclosed by nine quadrangular foundation terraces. A series of benches, courts and enclosures extended to the south of the main site, diminishing in size. The courts were connected to Pine Island Sound by canals. Cushing described the Pine Island Canal, leading from Pine Island Sound between two "very high shell elevations" to a court that was lower than the others. From the eastern end of the court, a canal 30 ft wide and 6 ft deep ran east into the interior of the island. Much of the Batteys Landing site, and in particular, the courts, was being used for agriculture at the time of Cushing&#39;s visit.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>Unlike the other mounds at Pineland, which were shell middens, the Smith Mound is a sand mound with thin layers of shell, and was used for burials. The Smith Mound was originally about 300 ft long and 30 ft high. (Cushing gave dimensions for this mound of 375 ft long, 150 ft wide and 58 ft high.) It was surrounded by a pond fed by a canal which branched from the Pine Island Canal. A path wound around the mound to the summit, which was narrow but flat. Cushing observed potsherds, broken shell ladles, and human bones on the mound. The Smith Mound was constructed around 1000 years ago. Part of the mound was destroyed more than a century ago, and the adjacent pond and canal filled in. Half of the mound and the pond were preserved by its owner, Captain Smith.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pineland site faces the shallow Pine Island Sound. The people of Pineland were largely dependent on fish and shellfish taken from the Sound for sustenance. Early in the Current Era, during the Roman Warm Period, sea levels were comparable to or higher than current levels. The people of Pineland during this period left linear shell middens parallel to the shore. Several lines of middens formed as people moved back and forth in response to variations in the sea level in the Sound. As the climate shifted into a cooler period, sometimes called the Vandal Minimum, sea levels fell to the point that Pine Island Sound no longer supported a fishery adequate to the needs of the Pineland population.</p><br>
<p>Sometime during the 9th century, Pineland and other population centers along the west side of Pine Island, such as Josslyn Island and Galt Island, were abandoned in favor of sites with access to deeper water on the barrier islands, such as the Mark Pardo Shellworks Site, and on islands on the west side of Pine Island Sound, such as Useppa. This corresponds to the beginning of the Caloosahatchee IIB period, marked by changes in ceramics. The onset of the Medieval Warm Period brought a rapid return of sea level in Pine Island Sound to former levels, and Pineland was reoccupied in the 10th century.</p><br>
<p>Starting in the 10th century, the people of Pineland constructed linear mounds in groups, with the mounds oriented perpendicular to the shoreline, in contrast to the earlier middens parallel to the shoreline. These mounds reached heights of up to 7 m by about 1200, at the end of the Caloosahatchee IIB period. During this period a natural waterway passing between the Brown and Randell mound complexes was altered into the western end of the Pine Island Canal. The Smith Mound was also started in the 11th century. A pronounced cool spell, around 1100, briefly lowered sea levels in Pine Island Sound, and the Pineland site was apparently abandoned from before 1100 until about 1150. The Little Ice Age began around 1200, again lowering sea levels in Pine Island Sound, but never as low as during the Vandal Minimum.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri State Fair is the state fair for the state of Missouri, which has operated since 1901 in Sedalia, Missouri. It includes daily concerts, exhibits and competitions of animals, homemade crafts, shows, and many food/lemonade stands, and it lasts 11 days. The fairgrounds are located at 2503 W 16th Street on the southwest side of the city at the intersection of West 16th Street  and South Limit Avenue .</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Missouri State Fair had an attendance of about 350,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1897, N. H. Gentry of Sedalia persuaded the Missouri Swine Breeders Association to request the Missouri General Assembly to establish a state fair. In 1899, a resolution for the fair was introduced by C.E. Clark.</p><br>
<p>The state considered locating the fair in Centralia, Chillicothe, Marshall, Mexico, Moberly, and Sedalia. Cities made offers on the amounts of land they would commit to the fair.</p><br>
<p>After ten ballots, Sedalia received the majority vote; it had bid 150 acre, the most land of any city to be devoted to the fairgrounds. The Van Riper family, who had set land aside for the location of the Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City, Missouri, also donated the site in Sedalia.</p><br>
<p>The first Missouri State Fair was held September 9–13 in 1901. One of the most distinctive aspects of the early fairs was the "white city": the 24 acre of tents, each for rent by exhibitors.</p><br>
<p>Odessa Ice Cream was the official ice cream at the Missouri State Fair in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The State Fair was held during the First World War, but was canceled in 1943 and 1944, during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>USA Senator Harry S. Truman chose the Missouri State Fair as the place to formally launch his campaign for re-election to the Senate in 1940, shortly after the collapse of the Pendergast machine. In his speech at the Fair on July 15, 1940, Truman strongly endorsed the New Deal, including equality for African Americans. He chose the State Fair although Sedalia was deep in Ku Klux Klan country.</p><br>
<p>The fairgrounds was struck by an F2 tornado on August 21, 1952. There was considerable damage along its path, with one person killed and 13 others injured.</p><br>
<p>The fairgrounds hosted the Ozark Music Festival July 19–21, 1974. It rivaled the 1969 Woodstock festival in size, and was notorious for chaos and mismanagement: although no more than 50,000 tickets were sold, an estimated crowd of 350,000 people showed up. There were no more than five portable toilets on site, there were several hundred drug overdoses, and some attendees raided nearby cows and pigs for food. Hosted by Wolfman Jack, the festival includes 27 bands, including the Eagles, Aerosmith, Joe Walsh, the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, the Marshall Tucker Band, REO Speedwagon, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Ted Nugent. The fairgrounds were trashed a few weeks before the State Fair, causing approximately $100,000 in damages to the fairgrounds and raising concerns that the Fair might be canceled. After cleanup efforts, the 1974 State Fair was able to go forward as planned. The festival was later investigated by the Missouri Highway Patrol and a select committee of the Missouri State Senate (the "Select Senate Committee Investigating the Rock Festival"), which said that the festival was a "disaster" that "made the degradation of Sodom and Gomorrah appear mild."</p><br>
<p>In 2020, the State Fair was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic: the only event held was a youth livestock event. The State Fair returned in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Attendance</h2><br>
<p>Attendance was just under 338,000 in 2009, and just under 341,000 in 2018. About 350,000 attended in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Fairgrounds</h2><br>
<p>The Missouri State Fairgrounds Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Governance</h2><br>
<p>The fair is overseen by the Missouri State Fair Commission, which appoints a director of the State Fair.</p><br>
<p>The Commission consists of nine members: eight appointed commissioners plus the director of the Missouri Department of Agriculture, who serves ex officio. Of the nine members of the board, two members are required to be "active farmers&quot two are required to serve (or have served) as president of a county fair or regional fair boards; and one member must be an agribusiness employee. Of the eight appointed commissioners, no more than four commissioners may belong to the same political party, and no more than two commissioners may reside in the same congressional district.</p><br>
<p>The Traverse City State Hospital, also known at various points as the Northern Michigan Asylum and the Traverse City Regional Psychiatric Hospital, is a decommissioned psychiatric hospital in Traverse City, Michigan. Established in 1881 by James Decker Munson and Perry Hannah, the hospital was in operation from 1885 to 1989. The site has since been redeveloped, reopening in 2002 as The Village at Grand Traverse Commons, a social center including shops, restaurants, office space, and residences.</p><br>
<p>The hospital is the last Kirkbride Building of the original four still standing in Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Northern Michigan Asylum was established in 1881 as demand for a third psychiatric hospital in addition to those in Kalamazoo and Pontiac began to grow. Lumber baron Perry Hannah, "the father of Traverse City," used his political influence to secure its location in his home town. Under the supervision of prominent architect Gordon W. Lloyd, the first building, known as Building 50, was constructed in Victorian-Italianate style according to the Kirkbride Plan. The hospital opened in 1885 with 43 residents.</p><br>
<p>Under James Decker Munson, the first superintendent from 1885 to 1924, the institution expanded. Twelve housing cottages and two infirmaries were built between 1887 and 1903 to meet the specific needs of male and female patients. The institution became the city&#39;s largest employer and contributed to its growth. In the 1930s three large college-like buildings were constructed near the present site of the Munson Hospital parking deck and the Grand Traverse Pavilions.</p><br>
<p>Long before the advent of drug therapy in the 1950s, Munson was a firm believer in the "beauty is therapy" philosophy. Patients were treated through kindness, comfort, pleasure, and beautiful flowers provided year-round by the asylum&#39;s own greenhouses and the variety of trees Munson planted on the grounds. Restraints, such as the straitjacket, were forbidden. Also, as part of the "work is therapy" philosophy, the asylum provided opportunities for patients to gain a sense of purpose through farming, furniture construction, fruit canning, and other trades that kept the institution fully self-sufficient. The asylum farm began in 1885 with the purchase of some milk cows and within a decade grew to include pigs, chickens, milk and meat cows, and many vegetable fields. In the 1910s-30s, the farm was home to a world champion milk cow, Traverse Colantha Walker. Her grave is at the end of the dirt trail between the farm and the asylum.</p><br>
<p>While the hospital was established for the care of the mentally ill, its use expanded during outbreaks of tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza, and polio. It also cared for the elderly, served as a rehab for drug addicts, and was used to train nurses. After Munson&#39;s retirement, James Decker Munson Hospital was established in his honor on the grounds in 1926, and was operated by the state well after his death and into the 1950s. It was then replaced by Munson Medical Center in the 1950s, the largest hospital in northern Michigan and one of the largest in the state. A portrait of Dr. Munson hangs inside the main lobby of Munson Medical Center. By the time it closed in 1989, pieces of the property had been split between Munson hospital, the Pavilions, Garfield Township and (later) T.M.G.</p><br>
<p>Changes in the law and mental health care philosophies brought on the decline of the institution. The farm on the grounds closed in the 1950s, with most of its buildings demolished in the mid-1970s. In 1963, the main 1885 center wing of Building 50 was destroyed because it was deemed a fire hazard and a new modern building was put up in its place. Use of the hospital slowly declined, and it was closed in 1989, with a loss of over 200 jobs to the local economy.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Over the next decade, the community struggled with plans for reuse of the hospital grounds. In 1993, the property was transferred from the state to the Grand Traverse Commons Redevelopment Corporation. Some of the less historic buildings were demolished. Several redevelopment plans were proposed, but nothing came to fruition until 2000, when the Minervini Group began negotiating with the Grand Traverse Commons Redevelopment Corporation and secured an agreement to renovate the historic buildings. Their efforts have led to the gradual but successful preservation and re-use of the former Building 50 as part of The Village at Grand Traverse Commons, a residential and commercial development.</p><br>
<p>As of 2014, these buildings and cottages are occupied or being close to completion on the Minervini Groups property of the state hospital. Building 50, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 67, and 69 are all occupied. Cottages 19, 20, and 36 are all occupied. The farmstead is not part of the Minervini Group; the owners are Garfield Township Parks and Recreation. But the visitor center and botanical garden are all volunteered. Projects that are done turning one of the former granary building into a pavilion, however the basement still exist under the concrete floor. Another building was turned into a visitor center and one of the two cathedral barns has been done. The barn will increase event space in the park. In 2015, a reflection pool using a former silo foundation was developed and more gardens were planted. A a partly burnt horse barn is intended to be transformed into a wall garden using its stone foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Traverse City State Hospital contains multiple buildings located on a large rolling campus. Many of the buildings are constructed from matching buff brick from the Markham brickyard in nearby Greilickville. Building 50, the visual centerpiece of the complex, is a three-story building on a stone foundation containing 386,740 square feet of space. Towers, bracketed eaves, and dormers demonstrate a Victorian ambiance. Much of the property adjacent the complex has been converted to public land, including sprawling hiking trails and redeveloped cattle barns once utilized by the hospital, today known as Historic Barns Park.</p><br>
<p>Wells Japanese Garden is a small Japanese garden located at 1608 Lindsay Street in Newberry, South Carolina. It is open daily.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The garden was created by W. Fulmer Wells in 1930, donated to the city in 1971, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is currently being restored and maintained by the Newberry Council of Garden Clubs.</p><br>
<p>The garden contains two ponds, concrete bridges in a Japanese style, torii, a teahouse, and a variety of indigenous and exotic flora including lotus, Japanese iris, water lilies, crepe myrtle, dogwood, and cypress.</p><br>
<p>On February 12, 2012, at 12:12 the City of Newberry met with Senior Curator of The Presidential Service Museum, Martin CJ Mongiello, to accept a gift of a Matsu (pine) tree. Mongiello lived in Japan for many years and remembered visiting Tokyo&#39;s famed Zōjō-ji Temple, where Presidents George H. W. Bush and Ulysses S. Grant each planted a pine tree. City officials at the meeting were Matt DeWitt and Jeff Shacker. Doctor Jerry Livingston, a local resident and former missionary in Japan of 40 years visited at 2:12 on the 12th to be introduced to the garden for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Komatsu Corporation donated a sizeable fund to help with additions at the garden in 2012. Both Doctor Livingston and Mongiello pledged to assist in the garden for 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Wayne County Building is a monumental government structure located at 600 Randolph Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It formerly contained the Wayne County administrative offices – now located in the Guardian Building at 500 Griswold Street – and its courthouse. As Wayne County Courthouse, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. When it was completed in 1902, it was regarded as "one of the most sumptuous buildings in Michigan".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Detroit architects John and Arthur Scott. Constructed from 1897 to 1902, it may be one of the nation&#39;s finest surviving examples of Roman Baroque Revival architecture, with a blend of Beaux-Arts and some elements of the Neoclassical style.</p><br>
<p>The building stands 5 floors and was built using copper, granite, and stone. The exterior is profusely ornamented with sculpture; the interior is finished in a variety of woods, marbles, tiles, and mosaics. Built with buff Berea sandstone, the façade features a rusticated basement story and a balustrade between the third and fourth stories. At the main entrance, a broad flight of stairs leads up to a two-story Corinthian column portico. The structure boasts a tall, four-tiered, hipped roof central tower balanced by end pavilions. The courthouse tower was originally 227&#39; 8½" tall; the copper dome and spire were redone in the 1960s, bringing its height to 247 feet.</p><br>
<p>The exterior architectural sculpture, including the Anthony Wayne pediment, was executed by Detroit sculptor Edward Wagner. The other sculptures, two quadrigas, Victory and Progress and four figures on the tower, Law, Commerce, Agriculture, and Mechanics, were sculpted by New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind, and made by Salem, Ohio resident William H. Mullins in 1903.</p><br>
<p>On the other end of Campus Martius was the old Detroit City Hall, and they adorned the landscape as bookends.</p><br>
<p>A renovation was carried out in 1987 by Quinn Evans Architects and Smith, Hinchman & Grylls Associates.</p><br>
<h2>Recent news</h2><br>
<p>On July 18, 2007, Wayne County Executive Robert Ficano announced Wayne County had entered into an agreement to purchase the Guardian Building to relocate its offices from the Wayne County Building. This purchase would commence when the county&#39;s lease on their current home expires in 2008 and end a difficult tenant-landlord relationship between the owners and the County. The Detroit Free Press print edition on July 21, 2007, carried a front-page article about the current landlord offering a reduced rate for the county to remain.</p><br>
<p>In July 2014, the Wayne County Commission approved the sale of the building along with a county-owned parking lot at 400 E. Fort Street to a New York investment group for $13.4 million. The building is expected to be renovated for single tenant occupancy.</p><br>
<p>Waddells Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located in what is now Atoka County, Oklahoma. It is sometimes confused with Rogers Station, a post-Civil War stage stand and post office, which was three miles  in an easterly direction from Waddell&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Waddell&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001054) in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Shirk, George H. Oklahoma Place Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987:.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Murial H. George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976</p><br>
<p>Wright, Muriel H., Chronicles of Oklahoma 35:1 (January 1957) 55-71 (accessed August 19, 2006).</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>34.566944,-95.933889</coord></p><br>
<p>The Vinton Building is a residential high-rise located at 600 Woodward Avenue  in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It stands next to the First National Building, across Woodward Avenue from Chase Tower  and the Guardian Building, and across Congress Street from One Detroit Center. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1982 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building, designed by Albert Kahn and completed in 1917, stands 12 stories tall, 172 ft. (52 m), with 2 basement levels for a total of 14 floors. Its primary uses are for offices and retail. The building was constructed in the neo-classical architectural style, and contains mainly terra cotta as its main material. It features a peaked parapet wall on the front façade, reminiscent of classical temples.</p><br>
<h2>Failed Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The Vinton underwent a reconstruction in 2006, turning the building into a loft building. The renovation included commercial space on the first two floors, and one loft on each of the additional ten floors. The renovation began in December 2005, and included a conversion of the basement into a parking level, ground floor retail, second floor commercial space, with the top ten floors being converted into multiple condominium units, one or two per floor.</p><br>
<p>Renovation of Vinton by owner Vinton Building, LLC and general contractor The Garrison Company began in December 2005, and included a conversion of the basement into a parking level, ground floor retail, and second floor commercial space, with the top ten floors being converted into multiple condominium units, one or two per floor. The reconstruction stalled and did not reopen as planned in 2007. By 2010, the renovation was officially halted.</p><br>
<h3>Reopening with Bedrock</h3><br>
<p>Bedrock, owned by Dan Gilbert, purchased the building in 2013.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, Bedrock undertook a renovation of the structure, working with Kraemer Design Group (KDG), a Detroit-based architectural firm. Known for its work in Toledo, Ohio, Charleston, North Carolina, and Detroit, KDG specializes in historic renovation projects, including historic landmarks. Redesigning not only the building’s exterior, but expanding its interior offerings, Vinton was upgraded to a luxury-style apartment building consisting of one-, two-, and three-bedroom luxury apartments. Vinton features biometric security and smart technology, in addition to upscale finishes and amenities. Another addition to the structure is the fine-dining restaurant, and a concierge service. Vinton is connected to the First National Parking Garage.</p><br>
<p>Town Residences, formerly the Town Apartments, is a high-rise apartment building located at 1511 First Street  in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. Originally designed by Wirt C. Rowland, the structure was built in two distinct phases: construction started in 1928 but was soon halted by the Great Depression, and the building was left open to the elements for two decades before being finally completed in 1953. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally constructed to serve as the clubhouse for the Detroit chapter of the National Town and Country Club. The private organization—which changed its name to Pontchartrain Club in the late 1920s—commissioned architect Wirt C. Rowland of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls (himself a member of the Club) to design the structure, envisioned to include public spaces, athletic facilities, and rooms for overnight stays. Construction began in September 1928, but came abruptly to an end with the advent of the Great Depression: the Pontchartrain Club closed down and the building was left unfinished, with only the exterior walls and roof completed.</p><br>
<p>The structure sat vacant and open to the elements—no windows had been installed—for more than twenty years. In the early 1950s it was bought by Cleveland investors and converted into apartments: construction began in 1951 and lasted until 1953, when the utterly remodeled building finally opened under the name Town Apartments.</p><br>
<p>In September 2014, Triton Investment Co. announced its purchase of the building. Triton had previously acquired Alden Park Towers along East Jefferson. The $5 million, 18-month renovation, completed in spring 2016, included the installation of new heating and cooling systems, updated windows, and new kitchens and flooring in the residences. Other upgrades included an on-site laundry room, bicycle storage, a community room and fitness center. The building was renamed Town Residences.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building stands at 16 floors (including the basement floor and central tower), to a total height of 59 m. The lower portion of the structure (floors one through eight) is approximately rectangular in plan while the upper floors feature a U-shaped footprint, with a recessed central section flanked by four-story wings and surmounted by an elaborate two-story tower. The building is constructed of concrete and steel, and faced with tan brick, Mankato stone, and granite.</p><br>
<p>Although the façades of the building were originally designed in the Art Deco architectural style, the exterior was heavily remodeled between 1951 and 1953 to reflect the new International Style aesthetic. Much of the elaborate stone decoration was removed, and the tall and narrow windows were replaced with wider openings; original features survive on the upper floors, most notably on the central tower. The 1953 lobby, later altered, still retains two sets of original fluted columns.</p><br>
<p>City of Hawkinsville was a paddle steamer constructed in Georgia in 1886. Sold in 1900 to a Tampa, Florida company, it delivered cargo and lumber along the Suwannee River. Eventually rendered obsolete by the advent of railroads in the region, it was abandoned in the middle of the Suwannee in 1922.</p><br>
<p>It became the third Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it opened to the public in 1992. On May 31, 2001, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as City of Hawkinsville (shipwreck). It is located in Dixie County, 100 yards south of the Old Town railroad trestle (which is part of the Nature Coast State Trail).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Georgia</h3><br>
<p>In 1886, the Hawkinsville (Georgia) Deepwater Boat Lines had the wooden-hulled City of Hawkinsville built for them in Abbeville, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>After 14 years of service, they sold it to the Gulf Transportation Company of Tampa.</p><br>
<h3>Florida</h3><br>
<p>The largest (141 ft long by 30 ft wide) steamboat stationed on the Suwannee, City of Hawkinsville transported lumber and supplies from Branford to Cedar Key for the next two decades. Supplies included construction materials for the railroads that would end the need for the steamboat.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the steamboat was abandoned in the Suwanee near what is now the railroad trestle built across the river, reducing the need for a boat to cross the river at that point. It remains at this location, preserved as one of the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The wreck of the steamboat has become part of the rivers ecosystem, and was added to the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve system in 1992. Most of it is remarkably intact, and rests on a ledge in the middle of the Suwannee, visible from the rivers surface. Diving is allowed, but only for those with advanced open water certification; venturing within the wreck itself is not permitted.</p><br>
<p>Fort Griffin, now a Texas state historic site as Fort Griffin State Historic Site, was a US Cavalry fort established 31 July 1867 by four companies of the Sixth Cavalry, USA Army under the command of Lt. Col. S. D. Sturgis, in the western part of North Texas, specifically northwestern Shackelford County, to give settlers protection from early Comanche and Kiowa raids. Originally called Camp Wilson after Henry Hamilton Wilson, a recently deceased lieutenant and son of Republican senator and later vice president, Henry Wilson, it was later named for Charles Griffin, a former Civil War Union general who had commanded, as de facto military governor, the Department of Texas during the early years of Reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Other forts in the southwestern frontier fort system were Lancaster, Richardson, Concho, Belknap, Chadbourne, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Fort Sill in Oklahoma. There were "sub posts or intermediate stations" including Bothwick&#39;s Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita, near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original intent was to build permanent stone buildings, but throughout its 14-year existence, the fort retained a temporary appearance. Log houses called “picket” huts, tents, and rough frame structures were constructed as temporary shelter. The scarcity of materials, shortage of funds, and daily demands of military duty allowed for only six of the more than 90 buildings of the fort to be built completely of stone.</p><br>
<p>Although considerable time was spent building and maintaining the fort, the majority of the time was spent defending and patrolling the frontier. Capt. Adna Chaffee fought the Comanche in a successful engagement in March 1868. Companies F, I, K, and L of the Sixth Cavalry were augmented when Lt. Col. S.B. Hayman&#39;s 17th Infantry arrived on 3 June 1868.</p><br>
<p>The fort served as a starting point for many expeditions headed westward, and for a time, it had a substantial settled community that built up around it, catering to passing wagon trains and military personnel who sought saloons for entertainment during their free or off-duty hours. It is northeast of Abilene (established after 1880), the seat of Taylor County.</p><br>
<p>By 1870, a very rough town called "The flat" sprang up just north of Fort Griffin, which eventually became a stop-off point for cattle drives headed north to Dodge City, Kansas. During that time, several notable characters and gunfighters of the Old West drifted through, including Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Dave Rudabaugh, Pat Garrett known for killing outlaw William Bonney (better known as "Billy the Kid") and the brothers Bat and Jim Masterson. John Selman, who eventually became known for killing outlaw John Wesley Hardin, worked there and in surrounding counties as a deputy sheriff.</p><br>
<p>General William Tecumseh Sherman and Inspector General Randolph B. Marcy visited the fort on 15 May 1871.</p><br>
<p>Following the Red River War of 1874, the Comanche and Kiowa threat on the prairies waned, and rapid settlement by ranchers and farmer put Fort Griffin squarely in the settled area. Capt. j.B. Irvine, commanding Company A, Twenty-Second Infantry lowered the flag for the last time and marched to Fort Clark on 31 May 1879.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The opening scenes of the 1957 movie Gunfight at the O.K.Corral, in which Doc Holliday kills a man in a saloon fight while Wyatt Earp looks on, take place in Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<p>Fort Griffin is the setting of the final scene in Cormac McCarthy&#39;s 1985 novel Blood Meridian. It is portrayed as a center of prostitution and violence.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>On January 1, 2008, Fort Griffin was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>During the last two weekends of June, the Fort Griffin Fandangle, a Western musical production, is presented by residents of Albany in the Prairie Theater. The program, the content of which is changed each year, began in 1938 and is billed as "Texas&#39; Oldest Outdoor Musical". In addition, a portion of the official state herd of Texas Longhorns is maintained at Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Fort Griffin has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.</p><br>
<p>Brooklyn Borough Hall is a building in Downtown Brooklyn, New York City. It was designed by architects Calvin Pollard and Gamaliel King in the Greek Revival style, and constructed of Tuckahoe marble under the supervision of superintendent Stephen Haynes.</p><br>
<p>It was completed in 1848 as the City Hall for the City of Brooklyn. In January 1898 the independent City of Brooklyn merged with the City of New York, and Kings County became the Borough of Brooklyn, at which time the building became Brooklyn Borough Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In 1834, the year Brooklyn was granted its city charter, the land for Brooklyn&#39;s city hall was donated by the Remsen and Pierrepont families, whose names are commemorated in the names of Remsen and Pierrepont Streets in nearby Brooklyn Heights. The following year, New York architect Calvin Pollard won the commission to design the building in a contest held by the city. The foundations were dug and the cornerstone laid for this structure in 1836. However, financial hardship halted construction entirely.</p><br>
<p>When funds again became available in 1845 construction resumed, this time of a structure designed by Gamaliel King, who had come in second to Pollard in the city&#39;s design competition, with instructions from the city that the new building must fit inside the already laid foundation. Construction was completed in 1848.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<p>The Kings County Courthouse was built in 1868, turning this area &ndash; now known as Downtown Brooklyn &ndash; into a government center and busy area of commerce. In the 1940s, the Kings County Courthouse and other nearby buildings to the north were replaced by a complex of courthouses and a plaza in front of Borough Hall. A mall connects the building to Cadman Plaza Park.</p><br>
<p>On February 26, 1895, waste paper caught fire and destroyed the cupola and the statue of Justice that stood atop it, as well as the top floors of the building; water damage ruined the walls and ceiling of the Common Council chamber. Three years later, a new Victorian cast-iron cupola was built, designed by Vincent C. Griffith and the firm of Stoughton and Stoughton, on which was placed a flag. In 1898, the city of Brooklyn was consolidated into the five boroughs of New York City, and this building ceased being "City Hall" and became "Borough Hall". In 1902, the Common Council room was demolished to build a new courtroom, designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Brooklyn architect Axel Hedman.</p><br>
<p>Starting in the 1930s, there were numerous proposals to raze Borough Hall, based on arguments that it no longer performed any government function, that its architecture was not particularly notable, and that it was a monument to an extremely brief era in Brooklyn&#39;s history. In 1966, the building was designated a city landmark by the then-new New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1980.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the building underwent a massive renovation under the supervision of Conklin & Rossant. The original copper shingling on the cupola was restored by Les metalliers Champenois, the same metalworks involved in the restoration of the Statue of Liberty, and the flag on the cupola was replaced by a new figure of Lady Justice. The renovation was completed in 1989. In the mid-2010s, the plaza became a popular skate spot after a restoration.</p><br>
<p>Blackburn&#39;s Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located in what is now Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. The station was named for Casper B. Blackburn, an inter-married Choctaw and trader.</p><br>
<p>Blackburn&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#73001568) in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Shirk, George H. Oklahoma Place Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987:.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Murial H. George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Muriel H., Chronicles of Oklahoma 35:1 (January 1957) 55-71 (accessed August 21, 2006).</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Lewis House is a historic house at 50 Paradise Green Places in Stratford, Connecticut. It is a large two story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a porch extending across its front and a lantern section raised above its shallow-pitch hip roof. The porch is supported by columns with Corinthian capitals, and has a low balustrade with turned balusters. The eave of the main roof is deep and studded with jigsawn brackets. A 20th century addition extends to the rear. Built c. 1858–59, it is a fine local example of Italianate architecture. It was built by Isaac Lewis, who made his fortune doing construction work for John Jacob Astor III and other wealthy New York City elites.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is currently used as a funeral home.</p><br>
<p>The Ephraim Wheeler House is a historic house at 470 Whippoorwill Lane in Stratford, Connecticut. Probably built in 1743, it is a distinctive example of a rural agricultural farmstead in the community, with a number of features not found in surviving buildings of comparable age. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ephraim Wheeler House stands in what is now a suburban residential area of Stratford&#39;s Putney neighborhood, on the north side of Whippoorwill Lane at its junction with Rosebrook Drive. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with twin chimneys, shingled exterior, and a side-gable roof. Small additions added in the 19th and 20th centuries expand the building to three sides. The main entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and sheltered by a small gable-roofed portico with round columns. The interior follows a central hall plan, and retains original features, particularly the fine Georgian woodwork of the main hall and stair.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built in 1743, the year of Ephraim Wheeler&#39;s marriage, and remained in the Wheeler family in the early 20th century. The Wheelers, in addition to farming the surrounding land, operated a grist mill and engaged in other business pursuits. The house is particularly distinctive for its period because it was built with twin chimneys rather than the more typical large central chimney, and because the fireplaces are set in the corners; these features are unusual in the town even in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Captain David Judson House is a historic house at 967 Academy Hill in Stratford, Connecticut. It was built by David Judson in 1723. The new house was built on the stone foundation and incorporates the chimney of the original house built on the site in 1638 by Judson&#39;s great-grandfather William. William left the house to his son Joseph Judson in November 1660 when he removed to New Haven. Nine generations of Judsons lived in the house until 1888.</p><br>
<p>The first floor, now the cellar, is above ground level and contains a massive central stone chimney which was built with lug poles. It is believed that the cellar was used as slave quarters in the early18th century. The new house, built in 1723, is designed in the style of Georgian architecture, or colonial Georgian, found throughout the American colonies during this time. The furnishings are entirely period pieces of Stratford origin, dating from the 18th century and includes a piano which belonged to William Samuel Johnson, framer of the United States Constitution, and also the second president of Columbia University. The piano has been on display at George Washingtons plantation Mount Vernon. The house also has various other works of historical and artistic significance, displayed for the public. The Judson House broken scroll pediment entry is one of the finest in Connecticut. An architectural drawing was used on the cover of J. Frederick Kellys Early Domestic Architecture of Connecticut published in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Captain David Judson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 1973. It is also included in the Stratford Center Historic District, which was listed on the NRHP in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The house is open to the public and is operated as a historic house museum and research library by the Stratford Historical Society, and is located at 967 Academy Hill in Stratford.</p><br>
<p>The Omni Homestead Resort is a luxury resort in Hot Springs, Virginia, United States, in the middle of the Allegheny Mountains. The area has the largest hot springs in the commonwealth, and the resort is also known for its championship golf courses, which have hosted several national tournaments. The resort also includes an alpine ski resort; founded in 1959, it is the oldest in Virginia. The resort has been designated a National Historic Landmark; it has a history extending more than two and a half centuries. The Omni Homestead Resort is a member of Historic Hotels of America the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1766, Thomas Bullitt built a lodge on the site, which is considered the founding of The Homestead. It has hosted vacationers ever since, including twenty-three USA presidents.</p><br>
<p>The modern resort dates from 1888&ndash;1892, when a group of investors headed by J. P. Morgan bought the business and started rebuilding it from the ground up. The original hotel buildings burned down in 1901, caused by a fire in the bakery. The main Homestead hotel was constructed afterwards, one wing a year, with the main lobby reconstructed in 1902.</p><br>
<p>Many American Presidents and influential people were Homestead guests. William Howard Taft spent July and August 1908 at the Homestead, working and relaxing before the final campaign push, as did outgoing President Theodore Roosevelt, for a short period of time. Other notable guests included cartoonist Carl E. Schultze of Foxy Grandpa fame.</p><br>
<p>From December 1941 until June 1942, following the United States&#39; entry into World War II, the Homestead served as a high-end internment camp for 785 Japanese diplomats and their families until they could be exchanged through neutral channels for their American counterparts. The diplomats were later transferred to the Greenbrier Hotel in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, during World War II, The Homestead hosted an important conference of the United Nations in which was implemented the foundation of the Food and Agriculture Organization.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, The Homestead was purchased by Club Resorts, the same company which owned the Pinehurst Resort in North Carolina. In 2006, Club Resorts and its parent company ClubCorp, Inc. were acquired by a private-equity group led by KSL Capital Partners. KSL Resorts assumed management of The Homestead at this time. KSL sold the resort to Omni Hotels in 2013 and it was renamed The Omni Homestead Resort. From October 2021 to October 2023, the entire resort underwent a complete renovation, costing over $150 million.</p><br>
<p>The Homestead was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991. Associated with The Homestead are the Homestead Dairy Barns, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Golf</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead features two golf courses. The club is sometimes referred to as Virginia Hot Springs Golf & Tennis Club. The area produced an 82-time winner on the PGA Tour in the late Sam Snead.</p><br>
<p>The Old Course started as a six-hole layout in 1892, and the first tee is the oldest in continuous use in the United States. It was expanded to 18 holes by 1901, and Donald Ross redesigned it in 1913. The course has been modified at various times since, and the current course has six par 5s and six par 3s.</p><br>
<p>The Cascades Course is the most famous of the two, and is usually ranked among the top 100 USA courses by both Golf Digest and GOLF Magazine. The Cascades is the course used when hosting national tournaments, including seven United States Golf Association championships. It was designed by William S. Flynn (who was also a main architect for Shinnecock Hills), and opened in 1923.</p><br>
<p>There was formerly a third course, the Lower Cascades, which was designed by Robert Trent Jones Sr. in 1963. It hosted qualifying rounds for the USA Amateur tournament. It was closed following the 2012 season.</p><br>
<p>Famed PGA Tour champion Sam Snead lived in or near Hot Springs all of his life, and served for decades as the Homestead&#39;s golf pro. Snead also holds the course record of 60, which he set in 1983 at the age of 71.</p><br>
<h3>Tournaments</h3><br>
<p>1928 USA Women&#39;s Amateur, won by Glenna Collett</p><br>
<p>1932 National Intercollegiate Championship, won by Yale (team) and Johnny Fischer (individual)</p><br>
<p>1966 Curtis Cup, won by the United States over Great Britain & Ireland 13-5</p><br>
<p>1967 USA Women&#39;s Open, won by Catherine Lacoste</p><br>
<p>1980 USA Senior Amateur, won by William C. Campbell</p><br>
<p>1988 USA Amateur, won by Eric Meeks</p><br>
<p>1994 USA Women&#39;s Amateur, won by Wendy Ward</p><br>
<p>1995 Merrill Lynch Shoot-Out Championship (Senior PGA Tour)</p><br>
<p>1996 Merrill Lynch Shoot-Out Championship (Senior PGA Tour)</p><br>
<p>2000 USA Mid-Amateur, won by Greg Puga</p><br>
<p>2004 NCAA Division I Men&#39;s Championship, won by California (team) and Ryan Moore (UNLV)(individual)</p><br>
<p>2009 USGA Senior Women&#39;s Amateur Championship</p><br>
<h2>Spa</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead offers spa services to guests including massages, facial treatments, manicures and pedicures, and stays in the Serenity Garden, where guests can soak in pools fed by natural geothermal springs. Also located in the spa is the hotel&#39;s fitness center and indoor pool, open to any guests of the resort.</p><br>
<p>Another location operated by the Homestead is the Warm Springs Pools, geothermal springs housed in historic structures. Guests of the hotel and day guests can book hour-long sessions to soak in the pools. The resort provides shuttle rides from the hotel to Warm Springs.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead offers many activities to guests, including a two-acre waterpark with a lazy river and water slides, mini golf, tennis, kayaking, fly fishing, horseback riding, skeet shooting, archery, zip lining, guided hikes, and lawn games.</p><br>
<p>The resort originally featured an Olympic sized skating rink that closed when the Zamboni became unusable. In 2008, the Homestead built a new 30 X 20 foot ice skating rink in time for the 2008-2009 winter season. In 2013, the ice rink was relocated to Allegheny Springs, adjacent to the outdoor pool.</p><br>
<h2>Ski resort</h2><br>
<p>The ski area at The Homestead was opened in 1959; it is the oldest ski resort in Virginia, and was developed by Sepp Kober, known as The Father of Southern Skiing. Natural snowfall on the ski hill is supplemented by snowmaking equipment and groomed by machines for optimal ski and snowboard experience.</p><br>
<p>The resort&#39;s main and only northwest-facing slope is serviced by three lifts, including a double chairlift which accesses the intermediate and advanced terrain at the top of the hill, and two surface lifts which serve the beginner terrain at the bottom and at the tubing hill. The chairlift has a mid-mountain drop-off station which accesses intermediate terrain. The resort offers a variety of other winter activities including snow tubing.</p><br>
<h3>Statistics:</h3><br>
<h4>Elevation</h4><br>
<p>Summit Elevation: 3,200 ft</p><br>
<p>Base Elevation: 2,500 ft</p><br>
<p>Vertical Rise: 700 ft</p><br>
<h4>Terrain</h4><br>
<p>Skiable area: 40 acre</p><br>
<p>Runs: 10 total</p><br>
<p>35% beginner</p><br>
<p>55% intermediate</p><br>
<p>10% advanced</p><br>
<p>Longest run: 4,200 ft</p><br>
<p>Annual snowfall: 50 in</p><br>
<h4>Resort capacity</h4><br>
<p>Lift system: 3 lifts total</p><br>
<p>1 double chairlift</p><br>
<p>1 rope tows</p><br>
<p>I conveyor</p><br>
<p>Uphill lift capacity: 1,143 skiers/hour</p><br>
<p>Snowmaking: 100% of trails</p><br>
<h2>March 2009 shooting</h2><br>
<p>On March 21, 2009, two resort employees were shot and killed in the hotel kitchen; the community of Hot Springs was briefly locked down under code red procedures as a security precaution. Authorities identified fellow employee Beacher Ferrel Hackney as a suspect in the killings. The slayings were the first homicides in Bath County since 1983. On September 2, 2012, Hackneys remains, clothing, some personal possessions, and pistol were found near the Homesteads Lower Cascades golf course. The cause of death has not been determined.</p><br>
<p>Long Wharf is a historic American pier in Boston, Massachusetts, built between 1710 and 1721. It once extended from State Street nearly a half-mile into Boston Harbor; today, the much-shortened wharf  functions as a dock for passenger ferries and sightseeing boats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the wharf began around 1710. As originally built the wharf extended from the shoreline adjacent to Faneuil Hall and was one-third of a mile long, thrusting considerably farther than other wharves into deep water and thus allowing larger ships to tie up and unload directly to new warehouses and stores. "Constructed by Captain Oliver Noyes, it was lined with warehouses and served as the focus of Boston&#39;s great harbor." Over time the water areas surrounding the landward end of the wharf were reclaimed, including the areas now occupied by Quincy Market and the Customs House.</p><br>
<p>"At the wharfs head in the 18th century was the Bunch-of-Grapes Tavern. The painter John Singleton Copley spent his childhood on the wharf, where his mother had a tobacco shop." The 1760s Gardiner Building, once home to John Hancocks counting house and now a Chart House restaurant, is the wharf&#39;s oldest surviving structure.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Among several similar structures, a grand granite warehouse known as the Custom House Block was built in 1848 atop the wharf; it has survived into the 21st century. The mid-19th century was the height of Boston&#39;s importance as a shipping center, lasting roughly until the American Civil War. Long Wharf was the central focus of much of this economic activity.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1860s, as the city&#39;s port began to decline in importance as an international shipping destination, Atlantic Avenue was cut through this and other wharves, changing the face of the waterfront.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The construction of the elevated Central Artery along Atlantic Avenue in the 1950s separated Long Wharf from Boston&#39;s business district.</p><br>
<p>The wharf and the 19th-century Custom House Block were recognized as a National Historic Landmark in recognition for the role they played in the history of Boston and its importance as a major 19th-century shipping center.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>The Big Dig put the Central Artery below ground level, which partially restored the original close relationship between Long Wharf and downtown. Since ca.1990, Long Wharf has been transformed from a failing commercial waterfront area into a recreational and cultural center.</p><br>
<p>Today, Long Wharf is adjacent to the New England Aquarium, and is served by the Aquarium station on MBTA&#39;s Blue Line subway. MBTA boat services link the wharf to the Boston Navy Yard in Charlestown, Logan International Airport, Hull, and Quincy. Other passenger ferry services operate to the islands of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, and to the cities of Salem and Provincetown. Cruise boats operate various cruises around the harbour. The wharf itself is occupied by a hotel, several restaurants and shops. At the seaward end, there is a large plaza with extensive views of the harbor. Now much shortened by land reclamation at its landward end, today it serves as the principal terminus for cruise boats and harbor ferries operating on Boston Harbor.</p><br>
<h2>Custom House Block</h2><br>
<p>The Custom House Block (42&deg;21&prime;35.95&Prime;N latitude, 71&deg;2&prime;58.53&Prime;W longitude) was built in 1845-87. A former warehouse, architect Isaiah Rogers designed the four-story building, constructed of granite and brick. In its 19th-century heyday, it contributed to the life of "Boston&#39;s busiest pier, commercial port, and embarkation point for travelers." Today private owners maintain the site.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated in 1973 by Anderson Notter Associates.</p><br>
<h2>Gardiner Building</h2><br>
<p>The Gardiner Building (42.360&deg; latitude, -71.050&deg; longitude) is a brick Colonial style warehouse built in 1763 and rebuilt in 1812. At one time it was used as John Hancocks counting house. Long Wharf was once filled with this kind of building, but this is the only one remaining; it is the wharfs oldest surviving structure. The building was renovated in 1973 by Anderson Notter Associates. It is currently a Chart House seafood restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Gardiner Building features a slate roof and "six-over-six" windows with shutters. The lintels and sills are granite.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>The following marine services operate from the Long Wharf:</p><br>
<p>MBTA Boat (north side)</p><br>
<p>Ferries to the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (north side)</p><br>
<p>Ferry to Salem, Massachusetts (north side)</p><br>
<p>Ferry to Provincetown, Massachusetts</p><br>
<p>Water taxi</p><br>
<p>New England Aquarium harbor tours (south side) – Aquarium itself is on Central Wharf to the immediate south</p><br>
<p>Various harbor cruises</p><br>
<p>Docks for private vessels</p><br>
<p>The Philippi Covered Bridge, on the Tygart Valley River, is the main local landmark and historical icon of Philippi, West Virginia, USA.</p><br>
<p>The celebrated bridge was commissioned by the General Assembly of Virginia and constructed in 1852 by Lemuel Chenoweth, a well-known Appalachian bridge builder, to provide a link on an important segment of the vital Beverly-Fairmont Turnpike between Beverly (Chenoweth&#39;s hometown) and Fairmont. The bridge has strong associations with the American Civil War, especially the Battle of Philippi (1861).</p><br>
<p>The Philippi Covered Bridge is the oldest and longest covered bridge in West Virginia and one of only two remaining in Barbour County. It is also the only covered bridge on the United States Numbered Highway System (as part of USA Route 250). It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Bidding, design and construction</h3><br>
<p>The circumstances of the bidding on the contract for the bridges in western Virginia are given by Hu Maxwell:</p><br>
<p>Bidders were present in large numbers from the East and the North, with all sorts of models and plans, including iron structures, wire cables, cantilevers, stone arches, and wooden bridges of many kinds. Mr. Chenoweth was there with his model made of hickory wood, as strong as it could possibly be made, not to exceed the required size. So far as appearances went, some of the New England Yankees had models of perfect form and beauty, painted and enameled in the highest art. On the appointed day, the bidders all assembled before the Board of Public Works, and each showed his model, and set forth his claims of what weight his bridge would sustain. Mr. Chenoweth was one of the last called forward to show what he had. His plain wooden model did not attract much attention; but he created consternation among the other bidders when he placed his model on two chairs, one end resting on each, and then stood on his little bridge, and called on the other architects to put theirs to the test by doing the same. Not one would do it, for they knew their models would be crushed. If the Philippi bridge were as strong in proportion to its size as Mr. Chenoweth&#39;s model, it would sustain the weight of a man six hundred feet high. The test decided the contest, and Mr Chenoweth was given the contract for the bridges.</p><br>
<p>The structure is 285½ feet (originally 312 feet) long and 26 ft wide and was originally supported by three massive sandstone piers constructed by Emmett J. O&#39;Brien. The bridge design incorporates the "Long" Burr Arch Truss and was built for $12,180.68. It is one of few surviving "double-barreled" (two lane) covered bridges in the United States.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>The bridge was used on 3 June 1861 by both Union and Confederate troops after the Battle of Philippi, by some reckonings the first land battle of the American Civil War. The bridge was the first to be captured in the war by either side and was used for a time as a barracks by the victorious Union troops.</p><br>
<p>The bridge narrowly escaped burning in April and May 1863 at the time of the Confederate raids on the B&O Railroad west of Cumberland, Maryland. Orders were issued by General William E. Jones for the burning of it and of the covered bridge at Rowlesburg, but the intercession of several locals of Southern sympathies (especially Elder Joshua S. Corder) saved both.</p><br>
<h3>Structural modifications</h3><br>
<p>The bridge has undergone a number of renovations after being severely damaged at least seven times over the years.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, increased motorized traffic mandated the addition of two concrete piers to the bridge&#39;s substructure (for a total of five) along with a new steel reinforced concrete deck (to replace the old wooden one) and an external walkway to better accommodate pedestrian traffic.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was damaged by a severe flood on 4–5 November 1985 and was virtually destroyed by fire on 2 February 1989. A gasoline tanker truck refilling underground tanks at a nearby filling station overfilled a tank, spilling gasoline which ran down into the bridge. A car passing through the bridge then sparked a fire when its exhaust system backfired. The bridge was then closed to traffic until a $1.4 million reconstruction was completed and the bridge reopened on 16 September 1991. The reconstruction, under the direction of the bridge historian and West Virginia University professor Emory Kemp, included replacing the damaged yellow poplar supports. Care was taken to restore the exterior to its original appearance: the rounded double arch entrances were restored, red-painted shingles (also of poplar) were affixed to the roof and new external wooden siding was replaced in a horizontal orientation.</p><br>
<p>Today, the original, burnt wooden trusses and supports can still be seen when driving through the bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>A local legend once asserted that US President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate President Jefferson Davis were witnessed by a small boy meeting secretly in the bridge late in the course of the American Civil War to discuss peace terms.</p><br>
<p>Fort Chadbourne was a fort established by the United States Army on October 28, 1852, in what is now Coke County, Texas, to protect the western frontier and the Butterfield Overland Mail route. It was named after Lt. T.L. Chadbourne, who was killed in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. It was defended by Companies A and K of the 8th USA Infantry. During the early days of the American Civil War, the fort surrendered to the Confederates on February 28, 1861, even before the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, but was reoccupied by federal troops from 1865 to 1867.</p><br>
<p>Other forts in the frontier fort system were Forts Griffin, Concho, Belknap, Richardson, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, Mason, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Fort Sill in Oklahoma. "Subposts or intermediate stations" also were used, including Bothwick&#39;s Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<h2>Major Neighbors</h2><br>
<p>Robert Neighbors met with the southern band of Comanches and their chiefs Sanaco, Buffalo Hump, Ketsume, and Yellow Wolf near the fort over 10 days starting on 24 August 1853. "All topics of interest to the Comanches were discussed".</p><br>
<p>Neighbors communicated with Seth Eastman, while Seth was a captain at the fort in 1856 and was responsible for the Brazos Indian Reservation, about Comanche depredations in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Fort Chadbourne, a Texas state historical site, was also added in 1973 to the National Register of Historic Places (#73001962).</p><br>
<p>The small community of Fort Chadbourne, Texas, is located a few miles to the southwest of the original fort.</p><br>
<p>Fort George was a British fort built in 1778 for the protection of Pensacola, Florida. The Spanish captured it in Siege of Pensacola on May 10, 1781 .</p><br>
<p>The fort no longer exists, though part of it was later recreated to mark its original location. This reconstruction is part of the Fort George Memorial Park, which is in the North Hill Preservation District. The park is located on La Rua and Palafox Streets.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 8, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Augusta Military Academy  was a secondary education military academy in Fort Defiance, Virginia, United States. The school was established in by Confederate veteran Charles Summerville Roller as the Augusta Male Academy and formally became a military academy in. It combined classical studies with a military curriculum and was officially named Augusta Military Academy in 1890. At the time, it was one of the first military preparatory schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It was one of the first such schools in the United States to adopt the Junior Reserve Officers&#39; Training Corps program in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Until its closure in, the Academy had attracted over 7,000 students from the United States and abroad. Today it is owned and operated as a campground for the Virginia District of the United Pentecostal Church International. It is located on USA Route 11, also known as the Lee Highway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Charles Summerville Roller was born in Mt. Sidney, Virginia on May 8, 1839. He secured his early education at Parkins Classical School and Mossy Creek Academy before entering the University of Virginia in 1859. At the outbreak of the Civil War he left his undergraduate studies and joined the Confederate forces, serving for most of the duration of the war with Company E, 1st Virginia Regiment under the command of General J. E. B. Stuart&#39;s cavalry.</p><br>
<p>When the War was over, there was a need in the Fort Defiance community for the resumption of some form of schooling. Four years or more had passed since most of the area&#39;s youth had received any education. Mr. Roller, aware of the situation, promptly went to work teaching boys, many of them veterans of the war, in a simple, red brick structure (now demolished) which formerly stood on the property of Augusta Old Stone Church, just north of the current AMA campus.</p><br>
<p>Roller&#39;s services to the community did not go unrewarded; he was elected to serve in the Virginia Legislature from 1871 to 1873. In his absence, education in the Fort Defiance area came to a standstill and he returned to Augusta County with renewed determination to establish a proper school for boys".</p><br>
<p>In 1878 Roller chose a site three hundred yards above the west side of the Valley Pike toll road adjoining the Old Stone Church (now U. S. Route 11) as the place upon which to build his residence and Academy which was completed in 1879 as the Academy&#39;s first building.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 18 years, Roller constructed additional units for the Academy&#39;s programs and by 1897, a group of frame buildings stood in a line parallel to the Valley Pike occupying the same space now filled by the brick collegiate structures which replaced them in the early 20th century. The original frame buildings were specifically designed for Academy use, and for their time, were quite satisfactory. On the right side of the Roller home was constructed a large wooden tower which served as an armory. A two- story wing was added to the left of the Roller home; the first floor of which was designed to serve as the Academy dining room. Although it has been enlarged and completely remodeled numerous times, the Roller home with its original Academy dining room is still in use today.</p><br>
<p>Because many of Professor Rollers first students were veterans of the Civil War, a military-type discipline for the classroom offered a means of control. The success enjoyed by this discipline early on, encouraged the founder to introduce a complete military system between 1880 and 1882. The only precedent for such a venture in Virginia was the operation of Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, which itself followed the system of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. In the Academys early years all the instructors at Augusta were V.M.I. graduates, and for classes in military instruction the prescribed War Department manuals were used. By 1888 the name Augusta Classical and Military Academy was adopted and then again in 1890 the name was changed to the present Augusta Military Academy (AMA).</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>At the start of the 20th Century, AMA continued to function as it had since its inception. However, upon the death of its founder, C.S. Roller on August 26, 1907, control and operation of the school transferred to his 2 youngest sons, Thomas Roller and Charles Roller Jr. The Roller brothers were themselves graduates of AMA and had gone on to further their educations at UVA and VMI respectively. (NOTE: Charles Roller Jr’s friend and roommate at VMI was the distinguished George C. Marshall)</p><br>
<p>When the USA was drawn into the Great War, the Roller brothers debated over which of them should serve the country and which should stay to run the school. In the end, Charles Roller Jr, went off to war and spent 1917-1918 serving as a Captain with the 89th Division in France. It is believed that he conceived the on the long boat ride home and that it became a reality for the school in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Under the combined leadership of the Roller brothers, AMAs enrollment and standing as a prestigious college preparatory school grew. In 1916 with the passage of the “National Defense Act of 1916” the Junior Reserve Officer Training Program (JROTC) was established and AMA became the first secondary school in the state of Virginia to officially include this program into its curriculum in 1921. This opened the door to Federal logistical support for the military program but in reality, had little effect on the schools operating principles - military instilled discipline was still a pivotal principle of the school&#39;s academic and athletic programs.</p><br>
<p>The early 20th century were years of expansion both in enrollment and physical presence and A.M.A. prospered becoming a school of international repute. When Thomas J. Roller died on March 10, 1946, his younger brother and co- principal Charles S. Roller, Jr., assumed all responsibilities for the school</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>As enrollment in the early 1900s grew, the need for more and improved buildings grew. Old wooden structures were torn down, additional instructional facilities were built along with new dormitories during the early part of the 20th century. Most notable (and recognizable) for AMA is the "Main Barracks&quot a three-story, rectangular structure constructed of rough stucco walls above a limestone-faced first story in the tower. It features an off-center, four-story entrance tower. Construction of the structure was completed in 1915.</p><br>
<p>The Mess Hall/Library/Deanes Castle Dormitory (also known as The Roller House) was built in 1879 as the residence for founder Charles Summerville Roller. It is the two-story, double-pile, frame building sheathed in German siding and covered by a hipped, slate shingle roof. It is the only original structure remaining and was rebuilt/remodeled in 1999, today serving as the AMA Museum.</p><br>
<p>The year 1946 saw the dedication of a new science hall as part of the Academic Hall. In 1959 a new Mess Hall kitchen was built. Expansions in 1961 resulted in the completion of new classrooms above&#39; the swimming pool and in 1963 a new stairway was erected on the back of the Main Barracks.</p><br>
<p>The neo-Gothic style Gymnasium/Academic Hall consists of three sections: the original gymnasium built in 1910 and the present Gymnasium built in 1929, connected by a swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>Each year, the Augusta Military Academy Museum hosts an alumni gathering. Among its notable alumni are Pulitzer Prize winning Author N. Scott Momaday who wrote House Made of Dawn, William H. Armstrong, the author of Sounder, and the Louisiana educator C. E. Byrd.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>An episode of MTV&#39;s Fear was shot at the Augusta Military Academy. It was featured on Season 1, Episode 4 and was renamed "Hopkins Military Academy." This was mainly to protect the academy from local teenagers, ghost hunters and urban explorers.</p><br>
<p>The Dunlawton Plantation and Sugar Mill, a 19th-century cane sugar plantation in north-central Florida, was destroyed by the Seminoles at the beginning of the Second Seminole War. The ruins are located at 950 Old Sugar Mill Road, Port Orange, Florida. On August 28, 1973, the site was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places under the title of Dunlawton Plantation-Sugar Mill Ruins.</p><br>
<p>The ruins are now part of the Dunlawton Sugar Mill Gardens. The botanical gardens include interpretive signs about the enclosed ruins, large concrete sculptures of dinosaurs and a giant ground sloth, a gazebo, and plantings of grasses, flowers, bushes and native plants under a canopy of oak trees.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>The Dunlawton Plantation and its sugar mill date to the latter years of the Second Spanish period in Florida. In August 1804, Patrick Dean, a merchant from the Bahamas, and his uncle John Bunch, a planter from Nassau, were granted by the Spanish Crown land in Florida that had been part of the British Turnbull grant of 1777. Dean established a 995-acre indigo and sugarcane plantation in what is now the Port Orange area, using the labor of enslaved Africans to cultivate and process the crops. Dean apparently was killed by a renegade Indian or slave during the First Seminole War in 1818, and left the plantation to his aunt Cecily, the wife of his uncle John Bunch, who had set up his own plantation on the grant to the north of Dean&#39;s property. Cecily died soon after Dean, and the plantation passed to John Bunch, who operated the two properties until 1830 as a single plantation.</p><br>
<p>John B. Bunch McHardy, an officer in the British Navy and grandson of John and Cecily Bunch, eventually inherited the former Dean property. He had no interest in running a plantation, and sold the land to land dealers Charles and Joseph Lawton for $3,000. In 1832, the brokers sold it to Sarah Anderson and her two sons, George and James, for $4,500 (~$ in ). The name Dunlawton was formed by combining her maiden name, Dunn, with the land dealers&#39; name, Lawton. The brothers operated the mill with slave labor—processing sugar, molasses and rum on the property until December 1835, when the Second Seminole Indian War began.</p><br>
<h3>Second Seminole War</h3><br>
<p>By late November, 1835, white settlers in the Territory of Florida were becoming alarmed by the activities of the Seminole Indians, some of whose leaders vehemently protested the official Indian removal policy of the United States, and Osceola&#39;s killing of Charley Emathla threatened to provoke an armed confrontation. On December 17, 1835, Gen. Joseph Hernández ordered troops to protect the plantations in the vicinity of the Matanzas, Tomoka, and Mosquito Rivers. Major Benjamin A. Putnam, a St. Augustine lawyer, led a detachment of the local militia, Company A of the St. Augustine Guards, to Dunlawton, where "the Anderson brothers were endeavoring to place the estate in a condition for defense by erecting a stockade. These efforts were terminated by the impressment of the brothers into service with the detachment."</p><br>
<p>On the night of December 24, 1835, the Seminoles began their depredations against the plantations south of St. Augustine,) and during the next several weeks, the marauding Indians burned or ransacked sixteen plantations, including Dunlawton. Many of the refugees who fled from the destroyed plantations gathered at Charles Wilhelm Bulows estate. On January 17, 1836, Putnam led the troops down Bulow Creek to the Halifax River and southward to Dunlawton. As they approached, they saw that a large war party of Seminoles still occupied the place. According to M. M. Cohens journal of the campaign against the Seminoles in 1836, Notices of Florida and the Campaigns, the Andersons&#39; dwelling house and several slave houses were burning when the command arrived. Heavy fire was exchanged in the skirmish, but the militiamen were unable to drive away the Indians. Dunlawton plantation was only partly destroyed by the Seminoles, who burned some of its buildings when they attacked the string of plantations stretching between St. Augustine and New Smyrna. By early February, the Seminoles had succeeded in forcing the white settlers to abandon most of the territory south of St. Augustine.</p><br>
<h3>Rebuilding of the sugar mill</h3><br>
<p>In 1846, Sarah Anderson sold Dunlawton to John J. Marshall, a master builder from Charleston, South Carolina, for $8,000 (~$ in ). Marshall rebuilt the mill and expanded it in an effort to make the sugar plantation productive again. He installed processing machinery bought from the destroyed Cruger and DePeyster mill in New Smyrna, and with the labor of 25 slaves produced nearly 200 tons of sugar in 1851. The eventual collapse of the sugar market caused Marshall to quit the enterprise and sell the property. His failure marked the effective demise of Dunlawton Plantation, and its role in the political history of East Florida ended. The property changed hands several times in the following years, being used for various purposes.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War and following years</h3><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the kettles for boiling cane juice were used by the Confederates for salt-making. A Confederate reconnaissance patrol called the St. John Rangers made their headquarters at the Dunlawton millhouse, hitching their horses and camping under a large live oak now called the "Confederate Oak".</p><br>
<p>John Marshall sold the plantation in 1871 to William Dougherty, whose son Charles inherited the property when his father died. A successful lawyer, Charles was elected Florida&#39;s first United States Congressman. He showed no interest in agriculture, however, and the mill was never operated again.</p><br>
<p>The mill sugar boiling kettles were no longer used to process sugar after the Civil War, but when two whales beached themselves below the newly built wooden Port Orange bridge in 1906, their carcasses were dragged to Dunlawton plantation where the furnaces were fired up and the oil from the whales&#39; blubber rendered in the old kettles.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the sugar mill include the ruins of coquina block and brick structures, and an assortment of sugar processing equipment including the gear mechanisms of the rolling sugar cane press, the iron boiling kettles, and the steam furnace and piston mechanisms used in operating the cane press. This assembly is one of the earliest extant examples in the United States of the machinery required to produce sugar, molasses, and rum.</p><br>
<h3>Bongoland</h3><br>
<p>In 1948, Dr. Perry Sperber, a dermatologist practicing in Daytona Beach, leased the Dunlawton plantation property from J. Saxton Lloyd, and opened one of the first theme-parks in Florida, Bongoland, named after Bongo, a trained baboon kept in captivity there. The new attraction was advertised to tourists traveling south on USA Highway 1, but it proved to be short-lived, operating only from 1948 to 1952.</p><br>
<p>A miniature train carried visitors past life-sized statues of so-called "prehistoric monsters"—dinosaurs fashioned by M.D. "Manny" Lawrence out of chicken wire and concrete. Among the five statues still existing are a triceratops, a stegosaurus, a tyrannosaurus rex, a dimetrodon and a giant ground sloth added later. According to a 1991 article in the Orlando Sentinel, a Seminole family lived on the grounds for two years in a chickee, or outdoor shelter with a thatched roof and open sides. In 1963, Lloyd landscaped the site, retaining the dinosaurs, and donated it to the county.</p><br>
<p>The Greenville Public Library is located in the Bond County, Illinois city of Greenville. It was built in 1905 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In January 1856, the Ladies Social Circle of Greenville met to form a group to promote the intellectual and moral elevation of society. For nearly fifty years this group raised funds to support a library. In late 1800s, the Ladies Library Association raised $1,000.00 from the community and collected 4,000 books. The first book purchased for the librarys holdings was the Holy Bible. At first the library was housed in the librarians home, then in rented rooms, and eventually in the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, Andrew Carnegie was contacted for possible funds. His donation of $10,000 was used to construct a public library to be built on city-owned land and which was to be tax supported. Architect Paul O. Moratz of Bloomington, Illinois, designed the Classical Revival style structure. The library opened in August 1905 after much community support and work.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>The library houses 25,000 volumes plus video tapes and audio books. The holdings of the Bond County Genealogical Society are housed on the lower level of the library. The collection also includes every issue of the Greenville Advocate, the local newspaper, from the 1858 to present, on microfilm.</p><br>
<p>The Greenville Public Library is a member of the Illinois Heartland Library System and offers many services. One notably unique service is that patrons may check out fishing poles provided by Illinois Department of Natural Resources (three-day loan).</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic  Building is a historic building in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The GAR Building was designed by architect Julius Hess, and constructed at 1942 West Grand River and Cass as an appropriate structure for meetings and other GAR related activities. The cost was split between the Grand Army of the Republic (who paid $6,000 of the cost) and the city of Detroit (who paid the remainder of the $44,000 total cost). Construction commenced in 1897 on the five-story building.</p><br>
<p>This Richardsonian Romanesque-designed building lies on a small, triangular lot on the northwest side of downtown Detroit. Originally built for the Grand Army of the Republic members in Detroit, the building included 13 shops and a bank on the ground floor, office space on the second and third floors, and a small auditorium on the fourth floor. As GAR membership dwindled through the beginning part of the 20th century, they were unable to maintain the structure and, by 1934, vacated the building and gave ownership to the city. The GAR Memorial Association, a women&#39;s group, used it until 1973. The GAR building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1986. More recently the city attempted to sell the building, but a coalition including the Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War and the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War brought suit against the city of Detroit to block sale of the building, claiming that a clause in the 1898 deed stated that city must preserve the building as a memorial to Civil War veterans.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>In 2007, it was reported that the GAR Building had been sold to Olympia Development, an arm of Ilitch Holdings, Inc. for a price of $220,500. Olympia Development expected to renovate the building at a cost of $2 million, but the purchase of the GAR by the Ilitch family was later rescinded. In 2011, the property was then sold to, a Detroit-based media company, for $220,000. The firm planned to renovate the building for its headquarters. Renovation began immediately after purchase, and Mindfield planned to occupy the top two floors of the structure, lease the ground floor for retail and a restaurant and dedicate a memorial to Civil War Veterans with renovation progress documented on a blog page.</p><br>
<p>The opened in February 2015 and was named on OpenTables Top 100 Best Restaurants For Foodies In America in September 2015 and listed on OpenTables 100 Hottest Restaurants in America in March 2016. Later, the Parks and Rec Diner in an adjacent space.</p><br>
<p>In February 2023, the building was sold to Barbat Holdings of West Bloomfield, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Pusley&#39;s Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located in what is now Latimer County, Oklahoma, on the south side of Gains Creek. The station was named for Silas Pusley, a trader and member of a prominent Choctaw family. In 1859, the Choctaw Council granted Pusley the right to build a bridge and tollbooth across Gains Creek near his station.</p><br>
<p>Pusley&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001068) in 1972. The listing included a contributing building, two contributing structures, and a contributing site.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Shirk, George H. Oklahoma Place Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987:.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Murial H. George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Muriel H., Chronicles of Oklahoma 35:1 (January 1957) 55-71 (accessed August 22, 2006).</p><br>
<p>The Stow House is a USA historical landmark in Goleta, California. Formerly the headquarters of Rancho La Patera, the Stow House, in the Carpenter Gothic style, is now the headquarters of the Goleta Valley Historical Society which preserves, interprets, and fosters appreciation for the history of the Goleta Valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Stow House was once the headquarters of Rancho La Patera, on the original Rancho La Goleta. In 1871, William Whitney Stow, a legal counsel for Southern Pacific Railroad in San Francisco, purchased 1,043 acre costing $28,677 for his son, Sherman P. Stow. Sherman Stow built a Carpenter Gothic Victorian home on the site and moved into the house with his bride, Ida G. Hollister, in 1873. The family expanded the house in two major renovations in the 1880s and 1910s. The house was occupied by three generations of Stow descendants until the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Lemon orchard</h3><br>
<p>In 1875, 3,000 lemon trees were planted in the first commercial lemon orchard planting in California. Sherman Stow&#39;s son, state senator Edgar Whitney Stow, set up a research laboratory at the ranch and developed disease resistant lemon rootstock of great value to local growers. The earliest commercial irrigation in the area took place on the ranch using the pond created by the Stows. The pond was expanded to create Lake Los Carneros which remains within the park.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house museum displays family photographs and furniture, with stories of Sherman and Ida Stow and their descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby attractions</h2><br>
<p>The Stow House is located next to Lake Los Carneros with walking trails and bird watching, Goleta Depot at the South Coast Railroad Museum, and other points of interest in Goleta.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Plantation is a historic plantation located on the west bank of the Mississippi River in the town of Vacherie, St. James Parish, Louisiana, United States of America. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Plantation is located at 3535 Hwy 18 Vacherie, LA 70090, adjacent to Oak Alley Plantation and up-river from Laura Plantation. The plantation was first owned by Josephine Aime Ferry in 1830, but the Ferry family sold it to Joseph Waguespack (1802-1892) in 1877 (Waguespack&#39;s son, Aubert Florian, owned Laura Plantation). In 1890 Saturnine Waguespack merged St. Joseph Plantation with Felicity Plantation to form the St. Joseph Plantation and Manufacturing Company. It is today maintained by descendants of the Waguespack and Simon families.</p><br>
<p>The Hoopes–Smith House is a late Victorian period, Queen Anne Style home built between 1890 and 1892 in Rockport, Texas by James M. Hoopes , a prominent local businessman and land developer.</p><br>
<p>The home later served as a boarding house between 1894 and 1930. In 1934, the house was sold to T. Noah Smith, Sr. (1888–1955) another prominent businessman with dealings in oil and shipbuilding.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a Texas Historic Landmark in 1989 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The house is located at 28.0271° -97.0497°, 417 N. Broadway, Rockport, Texas, United States and is currently used as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph A. Hemann House in Cincinnati, Ohio, was built in 1870 by Joseph A. Hemann  and served as his residence for about ten years. It is located in Hamilton County in the neighborhood of Clifton on the corner of West McMillan and Hollister. Mr. Hemann was the founder of the Cincinnati Volksfreund in 1850.</p><br>
<p>In April 1980, because the house represents a distinctive period in urban vernacular architecture, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (Listing Reference Number 80003057).</p><br>
<p>The Jungle Prada Site  is an archaeological site featuring Indigenous Tocobaga mounds and the location of the historical Narváez expedition landing. The Jungle Prada site spans public and private property, including the Jungle Prada de Narvaez city park, in St. Petersburg of Pinellas County, western coastal Florida, in the Southern United States.</p><br>
<p>The Jungle Prada Site was added, on February 4, 2003, to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tocobaga tribe inhabited the Jungle Prada site for approximately 600 years, from 1000 to 1600 CE. Their village complex in the area once contained a series of mounds stretching up and down Boca Ciega Bay for more than 3 mi; however most of the mounds were dismantled and used as fill for 20th century urban development. The Jungle Prada site mounds that remain include a 12 ft tall plaza mound (likely used for ceremonial purposes) and a 23 ft tall, 900 ft long, 300 ft midden mound, that stretches from the Jungle Prada de Narvaez public city park onto private property. The portion of the mounds that are on private property are considered "archeologically pristine."</p><br>
<p>The Diocese of St. Petersburg placed a marker at the Jungle Prada site, acknowledging it as the location of the first Catholic Mass in Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Jungle Prada site spans both public and private land. Portions of the Tocobaga mounds, as well as picnic tables, a fishing pier, and boat launch are located within the city park, and are maintained by the City of St. Petersburg. The better-preserved mounds, along with a small archeological museum, are located on private property and are accessible by guided tour. The Jungle Prada site is located on the eastern shore of Boca Ciega Bay, at Park Street North and Elbow Lane (17th Avenue) in St. Petersburg, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The Safety Harbor site is an archaeological site in Philippe Park at 2525 Philippe Parkway in Safety Harbor, Florida, United States. It is the type site for the Safety Harbor culture, and includes the largest remaining mound in the Tampa Bay area. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Safety Harbor site is a major feature of Philippe Park. The site consists of the large temple mound, one smaller burial mound and two shell middens. The temple mound is roughly circular, 150 ft in diameter and 20 ft in height, with a summit plateau measuring about 100 x. It is built out of a series layers, alternating shells and sand. Archaeologists have uncovered features interpreted as post holes in the summit area, suggestive that a structure once stood there, either a residence or temple structure. There are also layers of clay, which are thought to represent levels that may have also been used in some way.</p><br>
<p>The site is open to visitors during the daylight hours. In addition to the mounds, the park has walking paths, picnic areas, a boat ramp, fishing, and scenic views.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological significance</h2><br>
<p>The site was documented as being occupied by early Spanish explorers of the region, who described it as the capital city of the Tocobaga people. Contact with these explorers probably introduced European diseases, which decimated the population and led to the site&#39;s abandonment, probably by 1700. It was first brought to the attention of archaeologists as early as 1880, but the first formal excavations took place only in 1929. Twentieth-century excavations, both sanctioned and illegal, resulted in the complete excavation of a burial mound which stood nearby. The county acquired the property in 1948, and has conducted investigations into the site since then.</p><br>
<p>The site is the southernmost in Florida that exhibits the influence of Mississippian culture. Pottery finds at the site share characteristics with the contemporaneous Fort Walton culture.</p><br>
<p>The Waddells Mill Pond Site is an archaeological site located seven miles northwest of Marianna, Florida. On December 15, 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This was the site of an important late prehistoric mound and village complex. Archaeological excavations at the site during the 1960s and 1970s revealed two mounds and the remains of a circular fortification. The site is believed to have been abandoned prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the region in 1674.</p><br>
<p>Georgias state mental asylum located in Milledgeville, Georgia, now known as the Central State Hospital , has been the states largest facility for treatment of mental illness and developmental disabilities. In continuous operation since accepting its first patient in December 1842, the hospital was founded as the Georgia State Lunatic, Idiot, and Epileptic Asylum, and was also known as the Georgia State Sanitarium and Milledgeville State Hospital during its long history. By the 1960s the facility had grown into the largest mental hospital in the world . Its landmark Powell Building and the vast, abandoned 1929 Jones Building stand among some 200 buildings on two thousand acres that once housed nearly 12,000 patients.</p><br>
<p>The CSH complex currently encompasses about 1,750 acre, a pecan grove and historic cemeteries, and serves about 200 mental health patients. As of 2016 the facility offers short-stay acute treatment for people with mental illness, residential units and habilitation programs for people with developmental disabilities, recovery programs that require a longer stay, and specialized skilled and ICF nursing centers. Some programs serve primarily the central-Georgia region while other programs serve counties throughout the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the first decades of the 1800s there was a movement in several states to reform prisons, create public schools, and establish state-run hospitals for the mentally ill. In 1837, the Georgia State Legislature responded to a call from Governor Wilson Lumpkin, by passing a bill calling for the creation of a "State Lunatic, Idiot, and Epileptic Asylum." Located in Milledgeville, then the state capital, the facility opened in 1842.</p><br>
<p>Under Dr. Thomas A. Green (1845–1879), care of patients was based on the "institution as family". This modeled hospitals to resemble an extended family. Green ate with staff and patients daily and abolished chain and rope restraints.</p><br>
<p>The hospital population grew to nearly 12,000 in the 1960s. During the following decade, the population began to decrease due to the emphasis on de-institutionalization, the addition of other public psychiatric (regional) hospitals throughout the state, the availability of psychotropic medications, an increase in community mental health programs, and many individuals moving to community living arrangements. During FY2004-FY2005, the hospital served more than 9,000 consumers (duplicates counted) - from nearly every Georgia county.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Georgia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities announced that the hospital would be closed.</p><br>
<h2>Notable patients</h2><br>
<p>Anjette Lyles, American restaurateur responsible for the poisoning deaths of four relatives between 1952 and 1958 in Macon, Georgia, apprehended on May 6, 1958, and sentenced to death yet later was involuntarily committed due her to diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, died aged 52 on December 4, 1977, at the Central State Hospital, Milledgeville in Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Riddle&#39;s Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located on the west side of the Forche Maline in what is now Latimer County. The station was named for Captain John Riddle, the operator. Riddle was a mixed-blood Choctaw and a prominent member of the Nation. He served many terms on the Choctaw Council. In 1858, the Council granted Riddle the right to build a bridge and tollbooth across the Forche Maline near his station.</p><br>
<p>Riddle&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>"Riddle&#39;s Station is one of the more important of the even dozen such stands serving the Butterfield Overland Mail 1858-1861 along its</p><br>
<p>192-mile route across Indian Territory from Fort Smith to Colbert&#39;s Ferry on Red River. Unlike some of the other stands, however, it played a significant role in the development of the area for many years after the Civil War put an end to the service itself." The bridge there was asserted to be the first in the Butterfield route.</p><br>
<p>Holloway&#39;s Station, or The Narrows, was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located near "The Narrows" at upper Brazil Creek in what is now Latimer County, Oklahoma. The station was named for William Holloway, the stage agent. In 1858, the Choctaw Council granted Holloway the right to construct a turnpike and tollbooth at "The Narrows". Holloway left after Butterfield discontinued service in 1861.</p><br>
<p>Holloway&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Most evidence of the station was gone by 1971. A cemetery with a few stones remained, the most prominent being for an 1875 burial. "The Holloway&#39;s site is immediately across the road, to the northwest of the cemetery. Though altered by road construction, it is an attractive spot, a small clearing on a timbered flat between the south bank of Brazil Creek and the northern entrance to "The Narrows." As recently as 1930 there remained a few scattered foundation stones and some evidence of a well to locate the site. Now only the cemetery stones are left and — if one looks closely — portions of the old Butterfield road grade as it climbed rather sharply out of the narrows. The gradient of the present county road is much less than that of the Butterfield road, and in its construction it cut through and/or filled up sections of the old stage trail. But traces of it can still be found to suggest what stage travel on the frontier was like more than a hundred years ago."</p><br>
<p>It is located about.5 mi east of Red Oak, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Shirk, George H. Oklahoma Place Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987:.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Murial H. George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Muriel H., Chronicles of Oklahoma 35:1 (January 1957) 55-71 (accessed August 23, 2006).</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>34.977475,-95.048344</coord></p><br>
<p>The Mark Pardo Shellworks Site is an archaeological site west of Bokeelia, Florida. It is located along the eastern edge of Cayo Costa Island in Cayo Costa State Park. On May 21, 1996, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The site has shell works, consisting of lines of shell deposits along the shore, and black dirt middens inland from the shells. There may also be features underwater in the adjacent black mangrove forest, dating to when the sea level was lower. The shell works are dominated by lightning whelk, with some horse conchs. Oyster, clam, conch and lightning whelk shells are also found in the middens. The shell works and middens are attributed to the Caloosahatchee culture IIA-IV period, about 500–1500. In 1992, the NRHP Registration Sheet described the Mark Pardo Shellworks as "one of the best preserved archaeological sites in the region." Since then, however, feral hogs have seriously damaged the site.</p><br>
<p>Mount Royal  is a USA archaeological site close to where the St. Johns River exits from Lake George in Putnam County, Florida. It is located three miles  south of Welaka, in the Mount Royal Airpark, off County Road 309 on the eastern bank of the St. Johns River. The site consists of a large sand mound and several nearby middens.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Royal site was occupied beginning about 4,000 years ago. The site was largely unoccupied from 500 BCE until 750 CE. Mount Royal was occupied again after 750, and after 1050 it grew into the main town of an important chiefdom with connections to the Mississippian culture. The town lost importance after 1300, but it was still there when Europeans first entered the area in the 1560s. At that time it was part of the Timucua chiefdoms of Utina and Agua Dulce. In 1616, Enacape became the administrative center of Agua Dulce, and the Spanish established the mission of San Antonio de Enacape. The town and mission remained until after 1656.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Royal site is located on the east side of the St. Johns River between Lake George, to the south, and Little Lake George. The site is on the north side of a short section of the river that flows to the west (the river in general flows northward). The most prominent feature is a large sand mound about 90 m from the river. A causeway or avenue, still visible at the end of the 19th century, but since obscured, ran north from the mound to a rectangular pond. The mound is on a 1 acre parcel now owned by the State of Florida. The surrounding area, including the middens and village area, is part of the Mount Royal Airpark residential development.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological investigation</h2><br>
<h3>The Bartrams</h3><br>
<p>The Mount Royal site entered the archaeological record in 1766, when John Bartram and his son William visited it. William returned to the site 15 years later. They found a sand mound 100 yd in diameter, and almost 20 ft tall. The Bartrams described an "avenue" running north from the mound, with raised banks on the sides. The avenue was "level as a floor", 60 yd wide, and extended about.75 mi to a rectangular pond 100 yd wide and 150 yd long. John Bartram speculated the pond had been a borrow pit from which the sand in the mound had been taken.</p><br>
<p>On Williams return to the site, he found that an orange grove and palms and live oaks that had flanked the avenue in 1766 had been cleared in preparation for planting. The 19th-century archaeologist Samuel Foster Haven called the reports published by the Bartrams "the earliest careful and intelligent&#39; descriptions of a native American Indian mound."</p><br>
<h3>Clarence Moore</h3><br>
<p>In 1891, Clarence Bloomfield Moore, a self-trained archaeologist, investigated shell middens along the St. Johns River. In 1893, he returned to the St. Johns and began excavating sand mounds, including the one at Mount Royal. In two short seasons (two-and-a-half weeks in 1893 and three weeks in 1894), Moore excavated and backfilled almost all of the sand mound. He published his findings at Mount Royal in two parts in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1894, a total of more than 250 pages.</p><br>
<p>Before Moore&#39;s first visit, the mound had been plowed over and the sides of the mound had slumped down, raising the ground level around the mound. As a result, Moore encountered problems with measuring the height of the mound. He estimated that the mound was 4.9 m high, and stated that it had been much higher originally. He reported that the mound was 168 m in circumference. The connection of the avenue to the mound was no longer discernible. He reported that the avenue was 12to20 yds wide, flanked by berms that were an average of 2.5 ft high and 12 ft wide.</p><br>
<h3>Later investigations</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1950s John Goggin and his students from the University of Florida collected potsherds and other artifacts from the ground surface of the middens and other areas surrounding the Mount Royal mound. By this time the avenue reported by the Bartrams and Moore was no longer visible from the ground, but did show up in aerial photos. With the area slated for residential development, B. Calvin Jones of the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research conducted investigations in 1983, 1994 and 1995, including shovel tests and focused excavations of selected areas.</p><br>
<h2>The mound</h2><br>
<p>Moore found charcoal mixed with the sand at the bottom of the mound. While not saying so explicitly for Mount Royal, Moore speculated in his reports on excavations of other sand mounds along the St. Johns River that fire was used in rituals at the beginning of mound construction. Other than some white sand at the base, the mound was constructed with yellow sand from the immediate vicinity. Sand that had been colored by the addition of hematite was found in layers in the mound. Artifacts were more common in the hematite-tinted sand layers than in untinted sand. The entire mound had been capped with hematite-colored sand, in a layer up to 2.1 m deep in one section. Moore described the color of the hematite-tinted sand as "crushed strawberry", "brick red", and "Indian red".</p><br>
<p>Most of the artifacts found in the mound were in the top 2.1 m of the mound. A few artifacts were found in the base of the mound, but the part of the mound from 0.3to2.7 m above ground level was almost completely bare of artifacts. Burials were found throughout the mound, but the skeletons were always decayed, and in many cases only teeth were left.</p><br>
<h2>Early occupation</h2><br>
<p>The first inhabitants of the Mount Royal site, who arrived around 2000 BCE, practiced the culture of the Orange period. Orange period people were hunter-gatherers, harvesting shellfish and fish from the rivers and coastal waters of northeastern Florida, gathering wild plants, and hunting. The Orange period began with the appearance of pottery in northeastern Florida, shortly after the appearance of pottery in coastal Georgia and South Carolina, the earliest in North America.</p><br>
<p>Around 500 BCE the Orange period developed into the St. Johns culture. During the first part of the St. Johns Culture, called St. Johns I, There were many sites occupied along the St. Johns River, but there is no evidence that the Mount Royal site was occupied during that period. Beginning around 750, as the St. Johns I transitioned into the St. Johns II period, people returned to occupy the Mount Royal site. Moore noted that St. Johns Check Stamped pottery, diagnostic of the St Johns II period, was present from the beginning of construction of the Mount Royal mound. While St. Johns people were probably already raising squashes and other plants in gardens, the cultivation of maize was likely introduced early in the St. Johns II period.</p><br>
<h2>Political complexity</h2><br>
<p>After about 1050, chiefdoms developed among the people of the St. Johns culture. The chief of a larger village would exert political power over smaller villages in the area. Particular powerful chiefs would form confederations with other chiefdoms. The most powerful chiefdoms, wielding political and religious power, became ceremonial centers, with their status demonstrated by the construction of mounds. Mount Royal was such a ceremonial center for centuries, perhaps the largest over a wide area along the St. Johns River.</p><br>
<p>On May 7, 1973, Mount Royal was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Adams-Higgins House is a historic home in Spencer, Iowa, United States. It is located at 1215 Grand Avenue. The home is also referred to as the Higgins House or Higgins Mansion. The house is architecturally unusual because it was built as a late Victorian style house in 1884, then substantially renovated in 1912 with addition of neo-classical porches and roofline.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, it was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Adams-Higgins house, known locally as the Higgins Mansion or simply The Mansion, was built in 1884 by J.Q. Adams, a local farmer, banker, land developer, and 1889-1890 Spencer Mayor. Mr. Adams bought block 22 from his business partner for $350. The property (whole block) was sold in 1900 to Amanda Bender, who never resided in the house, who sold the house to Mr. and Mrs. William Higgins, newlyweds who had moved to Spencer from Chicago. In 1902 Higgins were sold the rest of the block. They contracted architect J. G. Ralston of Waterloo, Iowa to make the home an architectural landmark, beginning in 1911, by adding massive Neo-classical columns, adding a third floor, iron fence surround, and a kidney-shaped fish pond. In 1917 the playhouse was built for the Higgins children, who adopted off the Orphan Train when it passed through Spencer. For a short period, the playhouse was used as a classroom for children attending a nearby elementary school undergoing repairs. In 1947 the west 125 feet of the block were given to the First Congregational Church to build a new church and the playhouse was moved to its current location. Mrs. Higgins died in 1961, and the property was sold at auction in 1962 to Mathilda Delaney. In 1940, Mathilda had established the Delaney Nursing Home in Spencer and operated it until 1975 using the mansion as part of the nursing home. Mrs. Delaney occupied the home until 1983, when the property was sold to Paul and Paula Brenner, who successfully placed the home on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The Brenners completed restoration projects on the exterior and interior over the near-15 years of their ownership. The playhouse was renovated in 1993 by the Brenners, and used as their antique shop. The home passed to Drs. Jon and Debora Hade. The kitchen was remodeled and the cabinets used by Mr Higgins were brought up into the kitchen, his handwriting can be seen on one of the shelves. The dining room boasts a mahogany sideboard that runs from floor to ceiling. The painted mural in the dining room are signed by a Chicago artist. The Playhouse which at one time served as a school was moved to its current location and the current garage was built. The current owners Neal and Kitty Conover, completed the renovation work in 2005.</p><br>
